How to Choose the Right College Major

The most effective method to Choose the Right College Major A school major is the principle subject that an understudy considers while going to a school, college, or another scholastic establishment. Instances of well known business majors incorporate promoting, business organization, and fund. Numerous understudies start their advanced degree without an away from of what their significant will be. Others know since the beginning precisely where theyre going and what they need to concentrate to arrive. A great many people fall some place in the middle of; they have a general thought of what they need to examine, however are thinking about different things. Why Choose? Picking a significant doesnt essentially mean you’ll be stuck doing that specific thing for an amazing remainder. Numerous understudies switch majors during their school careersome do it frequently. Picking a significant is significant in light of the fact that it provides you a guidance to focus on and figures out what classes will be taken to procure a degree. When to Declare a Major On the off chance that you’re setting off to a two-year school, you will most likely need to proclaim a significant not long after selecting due to the brief span of the instructive procedure. Numerous online schools will regularly cause you to pick a significant too. Be that as it may, if you’re entering a four-year school, you are some of the time not required to announce a significant until the finish of your subsequent year. Peruse increasingly about how and when to pronounce a significant. What to Choose The conspicuous decision for a significant is a territory you appreciate and are acceptable at. Keep in mind, your profession decision will probably be reflected in your decision of a significant, so most of your classes will spin around that territory of study. In picking a vocation, it is ideal to pick something that interests to you now and will furnish you with work prospects in the future.â Step by step instructions to Choose The most significant interesting point while picking a school major is the thing that you need to do with a mind-blowing remainder. In the event that you pick a significant that doesnt especially premium you just on the grounds that an occupation in that field pays well, you could wind up with a couple of bucks in the bank, however be incredibly despondent. Rather, you would do well to pick a significant dependent on your inclinations and character. Dont avoid the hardest school majors if those fields intrigue you. In the event that you appreciate them, you are bound to succeed. For example, if you’re not a social butterfly you most likely shouldnt think about a vocation in HR. Individuals who don’t like math or numbers shouldnt pick a profession in bookkeeping or money. School Major Quiz In the event that you’re uncertain of what major to pick, it might profit you to take a school evaluation test to assist you with pinpointing a school major dependent on your character. A test of this sort isnt faultless yet it can give you a general thought of what majors may suit you. Ask Your Peers Talk with the individuals who realize you best. Your family and individual understudies might have the option to assist you with settling on a significant. Approach your friends for their recommendation. They may have a thought or perspective that you haven’t considered. Remember that anything they state is only a recommendation. You dont need to regard their recommendation; you’re just requesting a supposition. At the point when You Cant Decide A few understudies find that they are conflicted between two vocation ways. In these cases, a twofold major might be engaging. Twofold majors permit you to examine two things without a moment's delay, for example, business and law, and graduate with more than one degree. Studying beyond what one zone can be useful, yet it can likewise be difficultpersonally, monetarily, and scholastically. Consider it cautiously before taking this way. What's more, recall, you shouldnt be debilitated on the grounds that you don’t comprehend what bearing you need your life to take. Numerous individuals don’t pick a significant until they completely need to, and, after its all said and done, change majors in any event once.

Anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Weakness - Research Paper Example Likewise, the primary strategies for treatment which lies in blood oxygen balance reclamation or transfusion were described. Another method of treatment is to give the fundamental measure of iron, which is vital for the right working of hemoglobin. Weakness is an obsessive condition portrayed by a decline in the quantity of red platelets or potentially hemoglobin per unit volume of blood (Halwachs-Baumann, 2012). Conceivable to talk about iron deficiency as a condition that is portrayed by a diminishing in the development of red platelets or an expansion in their debasement, or a blend of the two components. Red platelets and hemoglobin, which is contained in them, play a significant capacity of moving oxygen to the tissues. Along these lines, diminishing the quantity of red platelets and hemoglobin makes lacking arrangement of oxygen tissues. Intense posthemorrhagic sickliness. Intense posthemorrhagic iron deficiency is brought about by burst or disintegration of the vessel divider through mechanical injury, ulcerous illness of stomach, aspiratory tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. Shading file = 0,85-1,1. Absence of subjective and quantitative changes in erythrocytes is watched. Unexpected lessening in the quantity of circling red platelets makes hemic hypoxia which kidneys react by expanded blend of erythropoietin. This peptide is a hormone of erythropoiesis and its job lies in animating the development and development of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Expansion of erythroid sprout gets perceptible at 4 and 6 days after discharge. In the blood the quantity of reticulocytes and polychromatic red platelets increments and furthermore seems uncommon normocytes. These progressions show a high regenerative capacity of the bone marrow. It changes shading to brilliant red and succulent shading. Yellow greasy bone marrow goes t o red one and gets wealthy in erythropoietic cells. Additionally, the

19 Tips to Manage Holiday Stress Smoke-Free

19 Tips to Manage Holiday Stress Smoke-Free More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Fa-la-la-la-ugh! The holiday season is a stressful time of year for most people. For those of us who are working to quit smoking, the holidays can be especially challenging. Use these tips to help you manage holiday stress smoke-free: 1) Get Enough Rest When were tired and run down, cravings to smoke will seem stronger while we feel less able to manage them. Get enough sleep at night  and take a power nap during the day if you can. 2) Reduce Caffeine Many of us reach for a cup of coffee when we need an energy boost, but too much caffeine can leave us feeling jittery and stressed. Avoid extra cups of coffee to stay awake. Rest if youre tired. 3) Drink Your Water Not only is water a great craving-buster, but its also an essential ingredient in a healthy diet. Keep yourself well-hydrated and youll feel better in general, which will, in turn, help you manage holiday stress more easily. 4) Eat a Well-Balanced Diet Enjoy holiday treats, but be sure to give your body the fuel it needs to function properly. Eating a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, protein, and complex carbohydrates will help keep you at your best, both physically and mentally. 5) Go for a Walk Walking reduces stress and improves circulation. It also releases endorphins, the feel good hormone. So, when the urge to smoke strikes, head out for a quick walk around the block. You’ll come back refreshed and relaxed. If the weather is bad, use the treadmill or take a walk at an indoor mall. 6) Breathe! Deep breathing is a quick way to reduce stress. Breathe in through your nose for a count of three and exhale through your mouth for a count of three. Repeat this for a few minutes, and the tension in your body will begin to fall away. 7) Schedule Time for Yourself While youre running around taking care of holiday tasks, be sure to schedule a little me time daily. Take a hot bath or spend a half-hour in a quiet corner with a good book (or both). Choose activities that replenish your energy and renew your spirit. Avoid piling on of stress and youll find it easier to manage your holidays without reaching for a cigarette. 8) Have a Cup of Tea It only takes a few minutes with a cup of tea and honey to feel the stress of the day begin to slip away. Choose herbal teas rather than those with caffeine. Its a quick and easy way to rejuvenate yourself. 9) Focus on Today Use a daily list to help you organize tasks. Dont overwhelm yourself by looking at the whole picture: Keep things simple and in the present moments of the day you have in front of you. Youll be more efficient and less stressed. 10) Dont Strive for Perfection We are often our own worst critics. Youre working hard to quit smoking, so give yourself permission to loosen your expectations a little for this holiday season. In other words, dont try to do it all. Think instead in terms of what is good enough rather than stressing over every detail. 11) Take a Mini Mental Vacation Meditation is another great tool. Close your eyes and create a place in your mind that you can visualize when you need to slow down and relax. Return to the same imaginary location every time so that it becomes familiar and comfortable. As you settle in, focus on your breathing, and slow it down gradually. Breathe deeply in and out for three  to five minutes. 12) Delegate Enlist the help of others to complete holiday tasks. Involve family members and friends; theyre usually happy to help if asked. 13) Minimize and Simplify Its so easy to take too much at this time of year. Make a list of things youd like to accomplish and prioritize them. Decide what things must be done, and what things could be let go if need be. Sometimes less is more! 14) Avoid Financial Stress Dont threaten your smobriety with worries about money. Make a holiday budget and stick to it. 15) Remember Why You Quit Smoking Dont lose sight of the bigger picture during the holiday season. The reasons you quit smoking are as valid today as they were the day you quit. Take five  minutes and refresh your memory by reading your list of reasons. 16) Acknowledge Your Grief If you get the holiday blues, take steps to acknowledge and manage your feelings. Denial only makes holiday depression worse. 17) Call a Friend Take a few minutes to connect with someone you care about. Your spirits will be lifted, and chances are you’ll lift theirs too. 18) Count Your Blessings Spend some time reflecting on all of the things in your life that you’re grateful for. Its a simple  yet powerful way to pull out of a slump and renew yourself. 19) Practice Makes Perfect Smoking cessation is a process of gradual release over time. The associations weve built up between smoking and the activities in our lives over the years must be changed, one by one. And the only way to do that is by simply living life, day in and day out, smoke-free. Navigating the holidays minus the cigarettes is a necessary part of the journey. While this first smoke-free holiday season may feel uncomfortable or downright difficult at times, youre working to cement new habits in place. Keep your focus and meet the challenges that come along with confidence. You can do this, and youll thank yourself when the holidays are behind you and youre still smoke-free. Have a great, smoke-free holiday season!

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Management of...

Introduction In this paper, I will discuss how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be utilized in the management of eating disorders. More specifically I will identify Anorexia Nervosa and provide statistics that relate to the disease. Etiologies will be discussed as well as symptoms. Various techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy will be described as well as the rationale as it relates to the clinical issue. Therapy has been used for many generations as a mean to resolve dilemmas in a persons’ life. Unfortunately, due to cultural aspects, therapy is generally centered on an individual. We typically presume that any problem that one may exhibit can be solved through personal realizations. However, society and therapists alike are†¦show more content†¦In today’s time, food has various meanings and degrees of importance. Some people use food as an act of nurture, some use food for a means of happiness. Preoccupation with food may lead to eating disorders. Eating disorders often causes one to display symptoms of depression, including mood swings, hopelessness, loneliness and anxiety. There are several categories of eating disorders and the etiology differs among individuals. Weight and physical appearance has a direct relation to the food we ingest. Young women often seek an ideal look and weight. This perceived image is often a product of media influences such as televisions, and magazines, as well as generalized peer pressure. Women are more apt to suffer from eating disorders. Young women are specifically affected. Historian John Brumberg concluded that about 95% of people who suffer from eating disorders are women between the ages of 12 to 25. The Food and Drug Administration reported only 5 to 10% of the population that is afflicted with an eating disorder is males (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is defined an eating disorder that is consists of abnormally low body weight. A person suffering from this disease typically has a body mass index (BMI) that is less than 85% of what is considered normal. Anorexics have a fear of being overweight and oftenShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Anorexia Nervosa1344 Words   |  6 PagesGiven that anorexia nervosa is associated with high rates of mortality, relapse, suicide, and a diminished quality of life, long-term prognosis does look very tragic, with recovery rates ranging from 25-70% (Guarda, 2008). The extant of anorexia nervosa long-term outcome studies have reported, â€Å"only one-third of individuals (37%) recover within 4 years after disease onset; this figure rises to almost half (47%) by year 10 and to 73% after 10 years post onset† (Zerwas et al., 2013). These statisticsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy And Mental Health Disorders Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesdepression. Rather th an relying on medications, clinical therapies are more effective to cure a variety of mental disorders. Although there are numerous psychological and physiological treatments to cure depression, ‘Cognitive Behavioral Therapy’ [CBT] will effectively treat depression as well as other mental health problems. Commonly used by most mental health experts, cognitive behavioral therapy is â€Å"a short-term, problem-focused form of behavioral treatment that helps people see the relationship betweenRead MoreRita Has A Rough Childhood Growing Up Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesforming new serious friendships.   Ã‚  Ã‚   After high school, Rita continued her education by attending a local community college to major in business. During her sophomore year Rita worked part time in a department store and one year later was offered a management position in the store. She figured it made sense to drop out of college and be a manager because business was her career choice. Rita was in a serious relationship with a man she had met in college and eventually got engaged. However they neverRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Group Of Eating Disorders1696 Words   |  7 Pages Anorexia nervosa is psychiatric condition that is part of a group of eating disorders. It is associated with abnormally low body weight, extreme fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body image. Those with the disorder place a high value on controlling their weight to produce certain image. However, those suffering from the disorder more than likely use extreme efforts that tends to significantly interfere with their he alth and even normal activities or occupations in their livesRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pagesmental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorder (BED) or compulsive overeating, †¢ Pica The two most common types, Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described below: Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorderRead MoreNutrition Counseling Practices And Psychological Counseling1294 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment theories influence the way that nutrition counseling is conducted. Behavior modification, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), rational-emotive therapy (RET), social learning theory, standard behavioral therapy, transtheoretical model, person-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, family therapy, self-management approach, the health belief model, and developing skills training are examples of behavioral theories utilized in nutrition counseling. The idea that human development theories form the basisRead MoreDifference Of Initial Treatment Options For Anorexia Nervosa1786 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of initial treatment options for anorexia nervosa Word Count: 1,619 Anna Davidson Abstract: Anorexia Nervosa is a DSM-5 psychological disorder characterized by energy restriction, weight loss and psychological comorbidities. The treatment of anorexia nervosa involves mainly medical and psychological interventions, and new treatments are being researched every day. Re-feeding is known to be the cornerstone, initial treatment. However, the specifics of treatment areRead More Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa3130 Words   |  13 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder with psychological, physiological, developmental, and cultural components. The disorder is commonly characterized by binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, and the misuse of diuretics, laxatives or enemas. Patients properly diagnosed with bulimia nervosaRead MorePositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesinternalization of an individuals weight, shape, and/or appearance, usually involving any combination of attitudinal, behavioral, and perceptual components (Bhatnagar, Wisniewski, Solomon, Heinberg, 2013). The attitudinal component consists of beliefs about appearance and body satisfaction, and the behavioral component consists of the frequency of behaviors related to management of weight or avoidance. Furthermore, the perceptual component consists of the levels of accuracy estimating body shapeRead MoreCultural Factors Of Eating Diso rders1696 Words   |  7 Pagesself-perception and self-image. Cost and time have to be put into consideration as well as the complexity of the disorder, insurance coverage, and treatment locations, whether it is outpatient or inpatient facilities, therapy, or counseling which may consist of cognitive behavioral therapy or family therapy. â€Å"Counseling or psychotherapy alone, as well as in combination with pharmacotherapy, requires highly trained mental health and/or medical professionals working in outpatient or inpatient facilities, and these

Analysis Of Of Mice And Men And Macbeth - 1891 Words

For the purpose of this assignment, I will be exploring the ways women are presented in the texts ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘Macbeth’. My focus will be centred on the two main female characters in both texts - ‘Curley’s wife’ in ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘Lady Macbeth’ in ‘Macbeth’ - and discussing how the authors have portrayed them. As well as this, I will also be briefly looking at other female characters that feature in the texts that are equally as interesting. â€Å"She had full rouged lips and wide spaced eye’s, heavily made up.† - This is one of the ways John Steinbeck (who is the author of the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’) describes the character of ‘Curley’s Wife’. She is a complex and controversial character, who although is not referenced much throughout the book, still plays a significant role within the story. Our first impression of Curley’s wife is that she is very manipulative. The reader first hears about her in chapter two of the book, in a conversation between George, Lennie and Candy, thus giving the reader an insight into her character before she has even made her first appearance. During the discussion, Candy mentions that â€Å"She has got the eye† and describes her as being very flirtatious with the other workers on the ranch despite being married to Curley. He also refers to her as being a â€Å"Tart†, which gives the reader the impression that she is immoral and is not the stereotypical woman you would expect to see during the 1930’s. By introducing her character throughShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men And Macbeth 1808 Words   |  8 PagesCoursework: How are women presented in ‘Of mice and men and ‘Macbeth ? Throughout time, society has always been prejudice towards women and their characteristics. With regards to Adam and Eve, the Biblical story in which God created two humans (Adam and Eve) and positioned them in a beautiful garden called the ‘Garden of Eden , since then people have associated the story to being sexist and prejudice towards women. When Eve disobeyed God about eating fruit from the tree of knowledge and forcedRead MoreRichard Graff s Hidden Intellectualism, By Gerald Graff1142 Words   |  5 Pagesexcited to read Macbeth by WIlliam Shakespeare and write about it like there’s no tomorrow,† it’s just uncommon. There are â€Å"more than 2.1 million students on 114 campuses,† in community colleges in California alone according to the California Community College Chancellor s Office, and we are all different, but expected to learn the same way. How does that make any sense? What one students might find interesting, the other might detest. Fo r example, I enjoyed reading Of Mice and Men by John SteinbeckRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 PagesHow To Write Literary Analysis The Literary Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide When you read for pleasure, your only goal is enjoyment. You might find yourself reading to get caught up in an exciting story, to learn about an interesting time or place, or just to pass time. Maybe you’re looking for inspiration, guidance, or a reflection of your own life. There are as many different, valid ways of reading a book as there are books in the world. When you read a work of literature in an English classRead MoreNon Profit Analysis Essay7109 Words   |  29 PagesNon-Profit Analysis Project Liberty University Penny LeBaron Busi 602 Carlson Hurst Part 1: Christian World View According to Del Tackett’s article on the Focus on the Family website, a person with a Biblical world view â€Å"believes his primary reason for existence is to love and serve God† (Tackett, 2012). Barna Research Group asks the following questions to determine if a person has a Biblical worldview: â€Å"Do absolute moral truths exist? Is absolute truth defined by the Bible? Did Jesus

Climate Change and Its Consequences Free Essays

Climate change and its consequences have recently grown in importance on political agendasworldwide. CO2 emissions is one of the gases that has a dramatic impact on the environmentresulting in rising coastal flooding, reduction in water supplies and increase malnutrition(IEA, 2010). In order to protect the environment for future generations, a global reduction inCO2 emissions is required along with reduced consumption of non-renewable energyresources. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and Its Consequences or any similar topic only for you Order Now One major CO2 contributor is the transport sector, which is responsible for arounda quarter of EU greenhouse gas emissions, making it the second biggest greenhouse gasemittingsector after energy. While emissions from other sectors are shrinking, those fromtransport have increased by 36% since 1990. As a consequence, the European Union has setmandatory emission reduction targets for passenger cars of 95g/km by 2020, which is areduction of 40% compared to 2007. Automobile manufacturers that fail to comply facedrastic fines. In order to reach these targets and prevent penalty payments for excessemissions, innovative propulsion systems have gained increasing attention. Vehicles withelectric propulsion are considered as a promising alternative on the pathway towards lowemissionvehicles that could enable the transport sector to reduce emissions significantly.During the last few years, electric vehicles (EV) got more and more attention in national andEuropean policies and public awareness increased significantly. While much effort has beenput in the research and development of e-mobility, less attention has been paid to consumers’acceptance (Yeh, 2007). The majority of consumers still consider EVs as disadvantageouscompared to traditional cars. However, without consumer acceptance there will be notechnological shift and long-term success of sustainable transport systems (Wiedmann et al.,2011). Therefore, it is crucial to gain in-depth insights in consumers’ perception towards EVsthat affect preferences for and the adoption of alternative fuelled vehicles. How to cite Climate Change and Its Consequences, Papers

Comparative advantage, free essay sample

What are the advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to a foreign country such as Thailand? Ans: The advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to Thailand could be Decrease their cost of goods sold, and increase Blades’ net income since rubber and plastic are cheaper when imported from a foreign country such as Thailand. Due to its superior production process Thai firms could not duplicate the high-quality production process , so establishing a subsidiary in Thailand would preserve blade sales before Thai competitors. Allow Blades to explore the option of exporting to Thailand by building relationships with some local suppliers. As far as exporting is concerned, Blades could become the first firm to seller roller Blades in Thailand. Diversify their investment by opening option to export to other countries beyond Thailand to ensure company sustainability. 2. What are some of the disadvantages Blades could face as a result of foreign trade in the short run? In the long run? Ans: The disadvantages Blades could face as a result of foreign trade in the short run are: Exchange rate risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative advantage, or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Blades would be exposed to currency fluctuation in the Thai baht if importation cost increase without Thai suppliers adjusting their price. International economic condition; if Thailand’s economy undergoes recession, Blades would suffer from sales decrease in Thailand. In the long run, Blades should be aware of the political risk involved in operating in Thailand, such as any regulatory changes or tax increase may impact on Blade’s subsidiary. 3. Which theories of international business described in this chapter apply to Blades, Inc. in the short run? In the long run? Ans: There are three theories of international business in this chapter will apply to Blades, Inc.: the theory of comparative advantage, the imperfect markets theory, and the product cycle theory. In the short run, Blades would like to import from Thailand because it will reduce its cost. On the other hand, Blades would like to export to Thailand because roller blades currently are in demand in Thailand. Both of these factors suggest that the imperfect markets theory applies to Blades in the short run. In the long run, the goal is to be became the first roller blades manufacturers in Thailand. The superiority of its production process suggests that the theory of comparative advantage would apply to Blades in the long run. Also, the product cycle theory will apply to Blades, since its U.S. sales are declining and Blades feels that it must eventually establish a subsidiary in Thailand in order to preserve its competitive advantage over Thai competitors. 4. What long-range plans other than the establishment of a subsidiary in Thailand are an option for Blades and may be more suitable for the company? Ans: Since Blades has never operated in other country, and CFO Ben Holt is unfamiliar with international business, establish a subsidiary in Thailand would not be the best interest for Blades, Inc. to gain a foothold in Thailand at this time. A joint venture with Thai roller blades manufacture may be more suitable for the company in a short run. Since this option will allow Blade to gain access to Thai’s distribution channels, familiarity of the Thai culture, consumer behavior and political rule and regulation in Thailand before establishing a permanent subsidiary market.

Battle of Verdun

Battle of Verdun Introduction Beginning February 21 to December 1916 the Battle of Verdun can be considered one of the largest battles fought during WWI between France and Germany with a total combined death count of 698,000 on both sides (Horne, 1994). Based on the account of Alistair Horne in his book The Price of Glory this paper will elaborate and examine some of the more interesting facets of the war involving pride, nationalism and the de-humanization of combatants brought about by the combination of such factors. Going even further into human aspect of the war elaborated on by Horne, this paper will examine the reasons that drove both combatants to fight over what was basically a useless piece of land and how the end result was nothing more than a war of costly attrition with a pyrrhic victory at the end.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Verdun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pride and Verdun When examining the accou nt of Horne regarding the Battle of Verdun it becomes obvious that the entire context of the battle itself was one of pride between two contenders that entered into what can be roughly described as a pissing contest between two countries. For example, if you were to observe the greater context of the First World War it becomes immediately obvious that there was very little to be gained from Germany attacking Verdun while at the same time France had little to lose from merely allowing Germany to take Verdun. The area wasnt situated in what can be described as a strategically viable position in terms of allowing Germany to push further into France nor would holding the area allow the French army to cut off any German supply routes or allow the Germans to access any viable resources from the region since Verdun itself held little, if any, war potential in terms of munitions factories or stockpiled resources. Based on the account of Horne it can be seen that Verdun was a matter of pride between the actors wherein it became a symbol of French resistance against German incursions while at the same time it was a way of showing Germanys resolve in winning the war. Going even further back to understand that factors that lead to irrational exuberance that permeated this desire to go to war over what can be described as a worthless piece of land, one would come across a variety of historical snippets (as indicated by Horne) which show that the land itself was heavily contested between the French and Germans even before the start of WWI. This in itself is quite interesting especially when overlaying the nationalism that was used as a factor to drive the inexorable war machine forward it can be seen that when nationalism meets pride minor disagreements can often erupt into major conflicts resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the overwhelming loss of life on both sides over something that had nothing to do with actually winning the war it can be seen from the account of Horne that extreme nationalism urged both sides to keep on fighting with German Field Marshall Von Falkenhayn famously saying that they would bleed the French white. What is interesting about this particular account of the war is that when taking it and overlaying it in the greater context of wars within human society it can be seen that a lot of them were a direct result of pride and nationalism taking precedence over common sense and practicality. Even in the modern day era with the current war on terror it can be seen that a large percentage of radical Islamic militants turn towards terrorism due to feelings related to nationalism and the desire to protect their traditional way of life. Nationalism and Inhuman Treatment Continuing the in the same vein of though regarding nationalism, pride and how these fueled the battle of Verdun it is quite interesting to note that it was also during this particular battle that the first recorded instance of poison gas was utilized. This is an important factor to take into consideration since when you combine its usage with the various de-humanizing aspects related to the battle itself it becomes all to obvious that nationalism and pride taken to its zenith enables countries to not think of the ethical and moral considerations of war (as explained by Horne when he elaborated on the various human factors behind and during the battle of Verdun) and as a result dehumanizes the enemy enabling the most atrocious of actions to become acceptable all for the sake of winning. This is particularly enlightening especially when taking into consideration the inherently hypocritical noble and just reasoning elaborated on by state leaders and generals at time regarding the justness of their cause in the face of thousands of deaths. Such a method of justifying atrocities h as actually been endemic in countries such as France and Germany in the past wherein the Crusades (various attempts at retaking the Christian Holy Land from Muslim hands which resulted in millions of deaths on both sides) were fueled by religious fervor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Verdun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the present religion has been replaced by nationalism however it is no less effective in justifying the deaths of thousands all for the sake of a just cause. Pyrrhic victory The last and but not the least most interesting aspect of the account of Horne was that in the end both sides gained nothing from the battle of Verdun and for the French it was nothing more than a pyrrhic victory while for the Germans they actually accomplished what they set out to do and that was to â€Å"bleed the French white† (however in terms of an overall military victory the French actually â€Å" won† at Verdun since the Germans were unable to either capture the city of Verdun nor were they able to inflict greater causalities to the French). First and foremost what you have to understand is that despite the sheer amount of deaths on both sides by end of the Battle on December 1916 both sides were quite literally at the same fronts they were in when the battle started in the first place. Thus, from a certain perspective, it can be surmised that the entire battle was useless from start to finish since neither side actually were able to advance, both suffered costly causalities that hampered their war potential and in the end the battle itself was fought for reasons that are both incredibly selfish and can even be described as incredibly stupid given the amount of people died for them. Conclusion Based on the account of Horne and the opinions presented in this paper it can be stated that the entire battle of Verdun was a complete was of human life and shows how nationalis m and pride can lead to actions that can basically be described as insanely stupid. Reference List Horne, A. (1994). The price of glory: Verdun 1916.

“The effects of security techniques on the performance of the IP addressing schemes used in different Operating Systems In the Wireless 802.11n Networks” The WritePass Journal

â€Å"The effects of security techniques on the performance of the IP addressing schemes used in different Operating Systems In the Wireless 802.11n Networks† 1. Introduction: â€Å"The effects of security techniques on the performance of the IP addressing schemes used in different Operating Systems In the Wireless 802.11n Networks† 1. Introduction:2. Background:3. Problem Description:4. Current Status and Development:4.1 Literature or Technology Survey and Analysis:References:Related 1. Introduction: Utilization of Bandwidth Efficiently is the most Challenging factor, in today’s IT Revolution. Providing security for the data transmission over wired and wireless networks is again a very important factor in order to avoid piracy, illegal and unauthorized accesses. Here we are investigating the effect of WPA2 security technique on the IP addressing schemes with the client-server configuration on Windows 7 Windows Server 2008 and Windows XP Windows Server 2008 Operating systems respectively.   When comparing the techniques each other, we need to enable and disable the encryption techniques used respectively, in order to study the proper impact of security techniques on the performance of the 802.11n wireless networks. The most important factor is to provide the better security for the data transmission over wired and wireless communication with less processing time and should use the low bandwidth as much as possible without reducing the performance; and also security is the main factor which decreases the performance of the setup by increasing the processing time [8]. This also leads in decreasing the system throughput. Providing the better security with efficient utilization of bandwidth with reduced processing time during the transmission of data, will become the most effective and supportive step for today’s growing IT World. IPv6 replaced IPv4 as IPv4 has failed to provide enough IP addresses to all the end user systems. Recently developed operating systems by different organizations support both IPv4 and IPv6 Protocol Stacks and Infrastructures [2]. 802.11n IEEE standard is the recent development by the IEEE group, in the Wireless Fidelity category [9]. This standard provides the improved bandwidth compared to previous wireless standards. 802.11n is able to provide the improved bandwidth as it utilizes multiple antennas and wireless signals technology – The MIMO technology, where the other previous version of IEEE standards were not using this technique for the Data Transmission and Reception. 802.11n standard was finalized on nov-2009 [9]. After the successful development of 802.11n, the industries started implementing the wireless devices that provides and supports the data transmission rate more than 100Mbps in the current real world, which is the much more compared to any other wireless standards previously developed. This is one of main advantages of the 802.11n. IPv6 is replaced by IPv4, which is new and have also been upgraded in newly developed operating systems. Windows 7 is the most recent successful development by the Microsoft Windows organization which works on both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes. Most of the companies have decided to move to the new operating systems like Windows 7. Some of the companies and organizations are still using Windows XP which runs on IPv4 addressing scheme [6]. Some of the companies are addicted to Windows vista even though Vista has few bad reviews and disadvantages compared to newly developed operating systems. The working of Vista and Windows 7 are almost same. Windows Server 2008 is the new and advanced version of Microsoft [6]. This has many upgraded features, technologies, better authentication and rights of admission controls and also the added active directory services as compared to the other previous versions of Server Operating Systems from the Microsoft [6]. WPA (Wireless Protected Access) and WPA2 are the security protocols used in securing the data from unauthorized accesses during Data Communication, in Wireless Computer networks[10]. This was developed by ‘Wi-Fi Alliance’. This was developed in order to overcome the disadvantages and solve the queries that were found during research on WEP technique in various organizations and institutes as well. This WPA2 technique provides better encryption than WEP, and consists of more advanced features and techniques [10]. 2. Background: In 2009, Samad Salehi Kolahi, and the co-authors et al [1] conducted a   study on Impact of Security on the IPv4 and IPv6 using 802.11n Wireless LAN on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows XP operating systems[1]. The main contribution of their paper was to compare the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 on a client-server configuration, in wireless 802.11n networks, using the operating systems like   Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows XP and Windows Server 2008. WPA2 security encryption technique was used and then they compared the outputs with the open system 802.11n networks [1]. This paper gave me the motivation to compare and verify the performances of both IP addressing schemes and the outputs on different operating systems, when the MTU is increased and to compare the time taken to transmit the data (ex: how much time does setup1 and setup2 takes to transmit the 1Gigabyte of data respectively and compare them with each other). MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) is a protocol which used in the higher layers. This protocol forwards the data using MTU parameters; these parameters are always associated with the communication interface like network interface card, serial and parallel ports [13]. The MTU size is fixed by the standards or protocols which are used. For a larger MTU, the packets contain data where the protocol headers and delays are remaining fixed. The efficiency of the MTU is calculated when we use bulk data throughput. The Per-Packet-Processing technique used in this protocol may limit the performance of the system. Usually when large packets are being transmitted the transmission link used appears to be slow for some amount of time [13]. This Latency may become a factor in decreasing the overall efficiency of the setup. Sometimes when transmitting the larger packets due to some communication errors which cause the data bit loss in the arrived packets at the destination, irrespective of the error i s present in all of the bits or in a single bit or in some bits of the packet, whole packet has to be retransmitted, this retransmission takes much time which is again a main factor which decreases the throughput of the setup also causes increased MAC delay. The retransmission of IP packet can be done without the fragmentation technique [13]; this fragmentation includes only the IP header except all other low level headers of the OSI layers. The minimum size of reassembled packet for IPv4 is 576 and IPv6 is 1500 bytes. The MTU for a wireless 802.11 networks is 2272 bytes [13]. 3. Problem Description: The above diagram shows the client-server configuration setup, the server is connected to the 802.11n wireless access point using a CAT 5e straight through cable. The client is connected to the access point using 802.11n NIC (Network Interface Card). Here we are investigating the performance of the 802.11n in different phases. In the phase 1, Step1: The Server is installed with Windows Server 2008, and client is installed with windows 7 operating system. IPv4 addressing scheme is used here in this step, no encryption technique is used during the data transmission to verify the throughput of the setup without any security encryption to verify the performance, and also to investigate the performance when MTU is increased beyond the range of 128–1408 bytes. Step2: Here in this step the Server is installed with Windows Server 2008, and client is installed with windows 7 operating system. IPv6 addressing scheme is used instead of IPv4 addressing, no encryption technique is used during the data transmission to verify how the security factors affect the throughput performance, and also the performance when MTU is increased. Step3: Here in this step the server remains with the same operating system   and client as well, the IPv4 addressing scheme is used again instead of IPv6 but the   WPA2 encryption technique is enabled. Encrypted data is transmitted in order to verify the weather the security factor affect the throughput performance and also the time taken to transmit the encrypted data and this time is compared with the time taken in the steps 1 and 2 respectively fro different MTU ranges. Step4: The Server operating system remains same with windows server 2008, and client with the Windows 7, but the IP addressing scheme is changed back to the IPv6 then the WPA2 encryption technique is used for the transmitting data, and the outputs are measured and compared with the results of the above steps. The outputs obtained from all the above 4 steps are compared with each other to decide which Operating system configuration and IP addressing schemes going to provide the required high throughput and better performance by plotting the respective graphs to the obtained respective outputs; and also how does the encryption technique impact on the performance of the IPv4 and IPv6 in Wireless 802.11n Networks and the system output as well. In the Phase 2, Step1: Windows Server 2008 is installed in the server, and client is installed with windows XP. First the IPv4 addressing scheme is used, no encryption technique is used all the encryption techniques are disabled during the data transmission to investigate the time taken to transmit data and verify the Throughput as well, and also the performance of the system when MTU is increased. Step2: The Server is installed with Windows Server 2008, and client operating system will be Windows XP. We are using IPv6 addressing scheme instead of IPv4, all the encryption techniques are disabled during the data transmission to verify whether the security factors affect the throughput performance, and also the performance when MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)   is increased beyond its maximum limit with respect to the operating system used. Step3: Here in this step the Server operating system will be Windows server 2008, but the client operating system is installed with Windows XP, the IPv6 addressing scheme is changed back to IPv4 but here in this step the WPA2 encryption technique is enabled during transmission. Encrypted data is transmitted in order to verify the weather the encryption security factors affect the throughput performance and also the time taken to transmit the encrypted data. Step4: The Server operating system is installed with Windows Server 2008, , and client operating system will be Windows XP, but the IP addressing scheme used here is IPv4, but the WPA2 encryption technique is enabled here and encryption is used for the data transmission, the outputs are measured and compared with the above steps respectively. The outputs obtained in all the steps are compared individually with each other by plotting the respective graphs which helps us in knowing which Operating system Configuration performs better and gives better throughput and the performance as well. Similarly, whether the IP addressing schemes used in the respective steps going to fetch the required high throughput and provide the   better performance; finally how does the encryption technique impact on the performance of the IPv4 and IPv6 in Wireless 802.11n Networks and the system output. Finally the outputs from both phases are compared and plotted a graph TCp Throughput versus packet size (bytes) and this graph helps us to investigate the performance of the IP addressing schemes and the security encryption techniques and their impact on the throughput performances used in the respective setups. The outputs will be verified for different packet sizes like 128, 384, 640, 896, 1152, 1408 bytes of packet sizes in each steps of their respective phases which takes a minimum of 48 different scenarios and setups in order to clearly verify the performance of the IP addressing schemes by plotting the graphs. The client-server setup is installed by windows 7, windows server 2008 and windows XP operating systems to compare whether the operating systems affect the throughput performance of Wireless 802.11n Networks. We also compare the WPA2 encryption security techniques with the Open system to investigate how the encryption technique affects the performance of the setup. The IEEE paper which is published in the year 2009, the paper â€Å"The Impact of security on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 using 802.11n Wireless LAN† which gave me a motivation to come through this idea, where the author has failed to clarify what happens if the MTU values are increased beyond the 1408 bytes, and the author has failed to give us (reader) a clear idea how does the IPv4 and IPv6 TCP/IP stack works on both Windows 7and Windows XP operating systems from the   Microsoft organizations. We also investigate the time taken in the encapsulation process inside the TCP/IP stack. 4. Current Status and Development: 4.1 Literature or Technology Survey and Analysis: In 2009, S.S.Kolahi, Zhang Qu, Burjiz K.Soorty, and Navneet Chand et al [1] compared the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 addressing scheme on a client-server Wireless 802.11n networks. The author concluded that enabling the encryption technique WPA2 results in approximately 7.07% less throughput for IPv4 and 5.42% less throughput for IPv6. The highest bandwidth obtained here is 120Mbps in 802.11n achieved in XP and IPv4, which is the highest as compared to all the other setups [1]. In 2009, et al [7];   Vasaka Visoottiviseth*, Thanakorn Piroonsith*, Siwaruk Siwamogasatham, the authors made a â€Å" Emperical Study on achievable throughputs of IEEE 802.11n devices†, here the performance of 802.11n network is compared with the 802.11g network device,[7] the performance improvements of IEEE 802.11n are measured approximately about 85% of UDP downlink Traffic, 68% of TCP Downlink traffic, 90% of TCP and 50% of UDP Uplink Traffic, the TCP results are quite balanced throughout all the trials where the UDP results are bit more variations[7]. In 2008, et al [3] S.S.Kolahi, the author’s made a detailed study on the impact of security techniques for 802.11g on Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows XP [3]. The author’s contribution was to verify the impact of security on throughput and Round Trip Time (RTT) on the respective operating systems, when the encryption techniques are activated on the Open systems, the TCP throughput reduced by 10% on WEP-64 and 14% for WEP-128 on Windows XP [3]. In 2007, et al [4] Filho investigated the bandwidth security Trade-off in Windows XP Operating System. The outputs showed that there is a drop in the throughput about 4%, 7% and 5% when the encryption techniques WEP-64, WEP-128 and WPA are used in Open Systems [4]. In 2006, B.E Zedin et al [5] published a paper based on the impact of security on the performance of the wireless 802.11n networks.th authors were successful to prove that TCP throughput is reduced about 4% on Windows XP when WEP-64 is enabled and 7.14% when 128 bit key is enable [5]. References: [1] The impact of security on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 using 802.11n Wireless LAN. Authors: Kolahi, S.S; Zhang Qu; Soorthy, B.K; Chand, N; Publication year 2009. New Technology Mobility and Security 2009, 3rd International conference. Link:   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=538467 [2] Comparison of end system IPv6 Protocol stacks. Authors: Zeadally, S; Waseem, R; Raicu, I;   Publication Year 2004, page(s): 238-242.Communications IEE Proceedings, Vol 151, Issue 3. Link:   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1309776 [3] The Impact of Wireless LAN Security performance of different windows operating systems. Computers and Communnications, 2008.ISSC 2008. IEEE Symposium Authors: Kolahi, S.S; Narayan, S.; Nguyen, D.D.T.; Sunarto, Y.; Mani,P.; Link:   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=4625636 [4] â€Å"Security versus Bandwidth: The support of Mechanisms WEP e WPA in 802.11g Network,† Authors:   E.J.M.A. Filho, P.N.L. Fonseca, M.J.S Leitao, and P.S.F. de Barros, IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 2007. Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=4284142 [5] Impact of Security on the performance of Wireless-Local Area Networks, Author: Ezedin, B.; Mohammed, B.; Amal, A; Hanadi, al, S.; Huda, K.; Meera al, M.; Innovations in Information   Technology, 2006, pp 1-5. Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=4085411 [6]   Windows Server 2008, Microsoft Corporation, Published June 2008. Link: winsupersite.com/blogs/tabid/3256/entryid/74766/windows-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   server-2003-vs-windows-server-2008.aspx (Click on Windows server 2008 White paper) [7]   An Empirical Study on achievable throughputs of IEEE 802.11n devices. Author: Visootiviseth, V.; Thanakorn; Piroonsith; Siwaruk Siwamogsatham. Link:   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5291578 [13] Structure of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Frames Wireless WLAN Wi-Fi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Configuration and Optimization tips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Link:wireless-center.net/Wireless-Internet-Technologies-and- Applications/1925.html Text Book and Timelines: [8] CCNA – Fundamentals of Wireless LANs, Cisco Networking Academy program. [9] S.McCann.; Official IEEE 802.11 Working group project timelines – 2009. Link: ieee802.org/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm [10] Wikipedia 802.11n, Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access Additional references: [11] â€Å"Measurement and analysis of TCP performance in IEEE 802.11 networks.† Author: W.Ge,; Y. Shu; L.Zhang, L.Hao; O.W. Yang – Published year 2006. Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=4055002 [12] IEEE 802.11n Development: History, Process and Technology. Author: Perahia.E – Communication Magazine, IEEE, Vol 46, Issue 7. Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=4557042

Presidents Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presidents Day - Essay Example However from January 1, 1971 onwards instead of February 22, Presidents day started to celebrate on every third Monday of February. Since then Presidents day never happened in Washington’s actual birth day (February 22) as third Monday of February occurs in between February 15 and 21. In this year or 2011, Presidents day was on February 21. Thus, at present presidents day lost its significance as the actual birth day of America’s first president since it is celebrated based on the day rather than the date. Today, people celebrate Presidents day to mark their respect towards the entire Presidents of America, but most significantly George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. â€Å"The official US holiday is meant to honor only George Washington, but many people consider President's Day a day to honor both George Washington (born on Feb. 22, 1732) and Abraham Lincoln (born on Feb. 12, 1809)† (Activities, Worksheets and Crafts for Presidents Day).The story behind fixing t he presidents day as the third Monday on February is interesting. According to the Gregorian or "New Style" calendar that is most commonly used today, George Washington was born on February 22, 1732. But according to the Julian or "Old Style" calendar that was used in England until 1752, his birth date was February 11th. Back in the 1790s, Americans were split - some celebrated his birthday on February 11th and some on February 22nd.When Abraham Lincoln became president and helped reshape our country, it was believed he, too, should have a special day of recognition. Tricky thing was that Lincoln’s birthday fell on February 12th. Prior to 1968, having two presidential birthdays so close together didn't seem to bother anyone. February 22nd was observed as a federal public holiday to honor the birthday of George Washington and February 12th was observed as a public holiday to honor Abraham Lincoln’s birthday (Himiac). The confusion over the significance of Presidents day is still prevailing in America. Some people celebrate it for honoring first president George Washington whereas some others use it to honor Abraham Lincoln. In order to avoid confusion or controversy some people celebrate the entire week for Presidents day celebration. Some of the America schools and colleges conducting regular classes currently even on Presidents day. At the same time, many other schools in America often been closed for the entire week. In other words, Presidents day is celebrated or observed differently by the academic community. Even though Congress had made federal legislation for celebrating Presidents day, still individual states are keeping their preferences while observing Presidents day. States like California, Idaho, Tennessee and Texas started to use the term "President's Day rather than Presidents’ Day. The confusion about the Presidents day helped the business community to exploit it. Business people interpreted presidents day differently with t he help of different advertising campaigns and currently people’s perception about president day has been changed a lot. Instead of honoring the Presidents, current people use this occasion for shopping and enjoying. Presidents day is currently celebrated more by the business community. They use this occasion to boost their sales just like other significant occasions like Memorial Day, Christmas Day, Veterans Day, Columbus Day etc. Earlier most of the American shops were remain closed

The Iconography in the Work The Clinic of Dr. Gross by Thomas Eakins Term Paper

The Iconography in the Work The Clinic of Dr. Gross by Thomas Eakins - Term Paper Example This social divide may have been typical of many societies throughout history that it is sometimes ironic that the products of this opposite side are â€Å"honored†, collected, or soon appreciated by the prevailing side (politically and economically well-off). With this premise, this paper will try to determine the representation of The Clinic of Dr. Gross. But prior to a full understanding of any artist’s work, it is important to comprehend the artist: or at least an overview of his life, his art work themes, passion, and others that may shed light to any perceived mystery or message that might be conveyed in a certain work. This is applicable to Thomas Eakins’ The Clinic of Dr. Gross. Thomas Eakins Eakins is one of the more important American realist painters who was also an avid photographer and innovator in the field of photography. In addition, he was also a passionate educator who rose from being a volunteer in 1876 to director by 1882 in Pennsylvania Acade my (Foster, 102). In his paintings, Eakins used Philadelphia personalities as his subjects and he has focused on the human figure moving, the anatomy of human and animal body as depicted in his commissioned work with William Rudolf O’Donovan in 1893 to 1894 that created the Lincoln and Grant bronze sculptures in Brooklyn, New York (Goodrich, 282). Eakins is known to have finished hundreds of paintings and his subjects depicted his friends, family, and people known to him. He has been described by Goodrich as the most profound and strongest realist in his time and maybe, beyond (Goodrich, 283). In the words of Kimmelman (P 5), Eakins’ work: is bound up with our national identity as much as any other American artists’, to the point that it remains nearly impossible to see America, or at least to look back on the country in the 19th-century, without some refraction through his art (1). Eakins painted nude men swimming, rowers, sailors, baseball players, his student s, himself, professors, sitters, models and artists, boxers, wrestlers, and more (Simpsons, 28). While most of his active life as an artist showed a difficult appreciation by the public, Eakins was recognized starting in 1902 when he was made National Academician. His wife Susan Macdowell Eakins, also an artist, had been cooperative and provided much of Eakins’ paintings to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (Goodrich, 283). The Clinic of Dr. Gross For a modern viewer and un-initiated, the painting, a large 96 inches by seventy eight inches, depicts a theater, probably spherical because behind was the audience, and yet, the painter’s perspective was at the front. There in the middle was the main subject in his coat; much the same like the others. His erect body posture exudes confidence and power, while all about him, the men of the same dark colored outfits attend to their business, except for one who has a fro ck and dress but also of the same dark garment, whose face was turned, her hand and fingers clawed as if to defy pain. The audiences on the background were either attentive or sleepy, but there was one who seems to be busy taking down notes. With the bloodied hands, the exposed flesh, and the medical instruments on the foreground, one will conclude

Characterizing Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay

Characterizing Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay However, despite these ongoing arguments between the methodological traditions of qualitative and quantitative research (Gage, 1989); combined methods represent a fast developing field of social science methodology. As all methods have specific margins and particular strengths, many discussants propose that qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined in order to compensate for their mutual weaknesses (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). Moreover, it is claimed that this movement scripts the beginning of a new era in social research indicated by a tendency to combine quantitative and qualitative methods pragmatically unencumbered by old debates (Johnson Turner, 2003). Therefore it is emphasized that the uses of a mixed-method design provides an important tool in overcoming the limitations of both qualitative and quantitative mono-method research. This essay deals with social theories that influence qualitative and qualitative research methods employed in social sciences as either in principle separable or even as irreconcilable methods of social sciences. It starts with a characterization of positivism, Interpretivism and realism; and links these theories to the foundation of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Then, it shows how they deal with the various aspects of the qualitative-quantitative divide. Finally, it is the intention to show how the combined methodological approach may be integrated in a coherent way to add value and assist in the design of a single research project. With an emphasis on the differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches providing the basis for exploring the methods of combining both approaches to overcome their weaknesses by providing a commentary of the complementary strengths of each tradition. Characterizing Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism approaches Few sociologists would describe themselves as a positivist, interpretivist or realist. These are terms used primarily by methodologists and social theorists to describe and evaluate the theoretical assumptions underlying different approaches to research (Bickhard, 1992; Johnson, 2006; Hibberd, 2010). There are many different views in sociology about what societies are and the best ways of obtaining knowledge of them. This part of the essay simplifies matters to some extent by characterizing three of the most influential theories of knowledge in sociology: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Bryman, 1998 and 2001; Hibberd 2010). Positivism Positivism is frequently used to stand for the epistemological assumption that empirical knowledge based on principles of objectivity, verificationism, and reproducibility is the foundation of all authentic knowledge (Bryman, 2001; Hanzel, 2010). The term positivist has been critical for some time in the human sciences because positivist tends to subscribe to a number of ideas that have no place in present-day science and philosophy (Hanzel, 2010). Positivism views that sociology can and should use the methods of the natural sciences, that do not usually mean using experiments because there are all sorts of ethical problems with doing that, but positivists do believe that sociologists should use quantitative methods and aim to identify and measure social structures. As a philosophical approach, positivism encompasses a group of notions. Table 1 below, provides main characters for positivist key ideas. It shows that positivists sum up all the items by being against metaphysics (Hackin g, 1983). Character Description emphasis upon verification Significant propositions are those whose truth or falsehood can be settled in some way. Pro-observation What we can see, feel, touch, and the like provide the best content or foundation for all the rest of our non mathematical knowledge. Discoverability Scientific knowledge is something discovered (rather than produced or constructed). Anti-cause There is no causality in nature, over and above the constancy with which events of one kind are followed by events of another kind. Downplaying explanation Explanation may help organize phenomena, but do not provide any deeper answer to Why questions except to say that the phenomena regularly occur in such and such a way. Anti-theoretical entities Positivists tend to be non-realists, not only because they restrict reality to the observable but also because they are against causes and are dubious about explanations. Table 1: Positivism characters Source: Hacking, 1983 Positivist theory argues that the methods of the natural sciences are applicable to the study of societies. In the positivist view, sociology involves the search for causal relationships between observable phenomena and theories are tested against observations (Hibberd, 2009). Researchers adopting a positivist point of view may still be interested in finding out about peoples subjective views. For example, they explore things such as attitudes and opinions through survey research (Michell, 2003). However, they see the task of sociology as explaining why people behave in the way they do, and how people really feel about things cannot be explained scientifically. Interpretivist Interpretivists do not necessarily reject the positivist account of knowledge, but they question the idea that the logic and methods of natural science can be imported into the study of societies. Max Weber was one of the main influences on the interpretivist tradition in sociology. For him, natural science and social science are two very different enterprises requiring a different logic and different methods (Bryman, 1982). At the heart of interpretivist critique of positivism is a humanist viewpoint. Some of those favouring an interpretivist view of sociology have long argued that in their search for a scientific explanation of social life, positivist have sometimes forgotten that they are studying people, and to study people you need to get out and explore how they really think and act in everyday situations. Interpretivists argue that unlike objects in nature, human beings can change their behaviour if they know they are being observed (Collins, 1984; Guba, 1987). So, interpretivists argue that if we want to understand social action, we need to look into the reasons and meanings which that action has for people (Marsh, 2002). Take the example of crime, a positivist would argue that researchers can simply measure crime using quantitative methods and identify patterns and correlations.   While, an interpretivist would argue that we need to understand what people mean by crime, how they come to catego rize certain actions as criminal and then investigate who comes to be seen as criminal in a particular society . The aim of interpretivist approaches in sociology is to understand the subjective experiences of those being studied, how they think and feel and how they act in their natural contexts (Marsh, 2002; Johnson, 2006). Therefore, although interpretivists still try to be objective and systematic in their research, the key criterion in interpretivist epistemology is validity. The favoured research design is ethnography and the main methods are ones that help researchers understand social life from the point of view of those being studied, such as unstructured observation, unstructured interviews and personal documents. Interpretivism has provided a powerful critique of many of the taken-for-granted ideas of positivism that are widely used in sociology and in other social sciences (Marsh, 2002). It has also influenced a whole field of research illuminating peoples everyday life experiences. However, interpretivists accounts are criticised by some sociologists for not providing testable hypotheses that can be evaluated. This can lead to relativism where one theory, or study, is seen as just as good as any other. Realism Realist theory, like positivism, holds that sociology can, and should, follow the logic and methods of the natural sciences, meanwhile, it differs from positivism in its interpretation of science (Hartwig, 2007; Hibberd, 2010). In positivist research, theories are tested against observations and found to be true or false or somewhere in between. In simple terms, the facts are the judge of the theory (Hibberd, 2010). Realists do not make this clear-cut separation because they do not believe that observations can be separated from theories (Parker, 2003; Hartwig, 2007). They argue that no form of science relies exclusively on observable empirical evidence. There are always aspects of any form of reality that remain hidden beneath the surface of what can be observed (Duran, 2005; Hibberd, 2010). According to realists, the aim of scientific work is to uncover the underlying causal mechanisms that bring about observable regularities. Realists see research being guided primarily by scientific criteria, such as the systematic collection of evidence, reliability and transparency. However, because they recognise the importance of the subjective dimension of human action, they also include methods that document the validity of peoples experiences (Bhaskar, 1999). Research designs are more likely to be experimental or comparative in realist research, but there is no particular commitment to either quantitative or qualitative methods (Parker, 2003; Hartwig 2007).The focus of realist methodology, however, is on theory. Realists argue that as there is no such thing as theory-free data: sociological methods should be specifically focused on the evaluation and comparison of theoretical concepts, explanations and policies. The development of a clear, realist epistemology is comparatively recent in sociology and owes much to new realist writers like Bhaskar (1986, 1999) and Pawson (1989). They have provided a different interpretation of science and its relationship to social sciences, and a developing alternative to the dominant theories of positivism and Interpretivism that laid the foundations for a non-empiricist epistemology in social science (Hibberd, 2009 and 2010). However, they would say that this doesnt mean that either set of methods, positivist or interpretive, have to be ditched. The realists argument is that sociologists can be pragmatic and use whatever methods are appropriate for particular circumstances. Social reality is complex and to study it, sociologists can draw on both positivist and interpretivist methods. For purists, the assumptions associated with quantitative and qualitative paradigms regarding how the world is viewed and what it is important to know are irreconcilable. They envisage that both methods stem from different metaphysical and epistemological assumptions about the nature of research (Bryman, 1984; Collins, 1984; Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Purists advocate that the methods and tenets from positivism and post-positivism cannot and should not be mixed (Smith, 1983). They believe that the axioms of post-positivism and positivism have mutually exclusive assumptions about society; therefore, the research methods derived under each are considered to be mutually exclusive as well In agreement with purists and acceptance of both positivist and post positivist paradigms, situationalists maintain that qualitative and quantitative methods are complementary but should not be integrated in a single study. However, they believe that definite research questions relate more to quantitative approaches, whereas other research questions are more suitable for qualitative methods (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Thus, although representing very different directions, the two approaches are treated as being complementary. By contrast, pragmatists, unlike purists and situationalists, contend that a false separation exists between quantitative and qualitative approaches (Newman Benz, 1998). They advocate the integration of methods within a single study. Sieber (1973) articulated that because both approaches have intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, researchers should utilize the strengths of both techniques in order to understand better social phenomena. Indeed, pragmatists assign to the philosophy that the research question should drive the methods used (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). In any case, researchers who ascribe to epistemological purity disregard the fact that research methodologies are merely tools that are designed to aid our understanding of the world. It is possible to argue that there are overwhelmingly more similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches than there are differences (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Bothe and Andreatta (2004), add that both approaches involve the use of observations to address research questions, describe their data, construct descriptive arguments from their data, and speculate about why the results they observed happened as they did. Both sets of researchers select and use analytical techniques that are designed to obtain the maximal meaning from their data, and so that findings have utility in relation to their respective views of reality (Kelle, 2006). Both methods investigators utilize techniques to verify their data. Such techniques include persistent observation with continuous and prolonged investigation of the research study with consideration to rival explanations. Replication of the chosen study method to other cases (of which may include extreme scenarios) provides the opportunity to gain validity of findings and the methodological approach used, by means of a representative study group to allow for reliable generalisations to be made. Triangulation, verification of researcher effects and weighting of the evidence identifies and resolves researcher bias and thick description (Creswell, 1998, cited Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005) which may impact on the findings. Debriefing of study participants may obtain valuable feedback from participants also. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative researches represent an interactive range and the role of theory is central for both paradigms. Specifically, in qualitative research the most common purposes are those of theory initiation and theory building, whereas in quantitative research the most typical objectives are those of theory testing and theory modification (Newman Benz, 1998). Clearly, neither tradition is independent of the other, nor can either school encompass the whole research process. Thus, both quantitative and qualitative research techniques are needed to gain a more complete understanding of phenomena (Newman Benz, 1998). Hence, there are many parallels exist between quantitative and qualitative research. Indeed, the purity of a research paradigm is a function of the extent to which the researcher is prepared to conform to its underlying assumptions (Luttrell, Wendy, 2005).This suggests that methodological pluralism (Larsson, 2009) should be promoted, the best way for this to occur is for as many investigators as possible to become pragmatic researchers (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Combined research methods and function in the research process A combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches can assist in practical solutions to overcome limitations of mono-method research discussed for the last 50 years (Kelle, 2006). However, it is rarely addressed in current debates whether it is possible to develop solid methodological strategies for structuring research methods based on that insight of combining qualitative and quantitative methods (Creswell et al., 2003; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003; Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005), though there is a broad agreement that a use of multiple methods with complementary strengths and different weaknesses can add value to a single research. Despite this, the discussion provides only sparse information about which designs could overcome which weaknesses of mono-method research. Furthermore, there is still a lack of agreement about the exact classification and terminology of different mixed methods, combined method or multi-method designs which are used in research practice (Tashakkor i Teddlie, 2003, cited Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005, p:307 ). By starting the research process with a qualitative study, researchers may obtain access to knowledge that helps them to develop the appropriate theoretical concepts and to construct consistent research instruments later on that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant items. Such a design helps to overcome the limited transferability of findings from qualitative research as well as the initially mentioned hazards of the heuristics of commonsense knowledge (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005, p: 307). This approach can help to construct consistent research instruments that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant substances. Meanwhile, combining qualitative and quantitative methods the opposite way could be useful in many cases; that means starting with a quantitative study, followed by qualitative questions (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Lund 2005). In this quantitative-qualitative approach, problem areas and research questions are identified by carrying out a quantitative study which will have to be further investigated with the help of qualitative data and methods. The problem of quantitative research addressed by this design is often the difficulty to understand statistical findings without additional socio cultural knowledge. Furthermore, the quantitative part of a sequential quantitative-qualitative design can guide systematic case comparison in the following qualitative inquiry by helping to identify criteria for the selection of cases and by providing a sampling frame (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Kelle, 2006). Thus, this design can help to overcome an important threat of validity existing in qualitative research that researchers focus on distant and marginal cases. Another problem of qualitative research can be addressed by this design: it helps to avoid a qualitative study with an outsized scope that covers a domain too wide to be captured with the help of a small qualitative sample. Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) give a simple example to understand the above problem: a qualitative study of family life in a contemporary city would have to take into account many more different forms of families than a similar study in a traditional rural community in the first decades of the twentieth century. By drawin g on statistical material about the distribution of different family forms, the minimum requirements for qualitative sampling could be easily captured, and may be well advised to downsize the research question and research domain (Bryman, 2001; Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). On the other hand, a parallel qualitative-quantitative design can fulfil similar functions to a sequential design: the qualitative part of the study can provide information that helps to understand statistical relations, to develop explanations and to identify additional variables that increase variance already explained in the quantitative data. A great benefit of a parallel qualitative-quantitative design is that it helps to identify measurement problems and methodological artefact of both qualitative and quantitative data, as the same persons are interviewed with different techniques (Bryman, 1992 and 2001). However, this parallel design approach encloses an important disadvantage, it is that qualitative sampling and data collection cannot be systematically developed from research questions derived from quantitative data; therefore it can easily be the case that the available qualitative data provide no answers for questions coming from the quantitative study, as they were not col lected for that purpose. Conclusion It is shown throughout this essay that the theoretical approach influences the methodological approach and vice versa. Many studies in sociology use a combination of positivist, interpretivist and, realist ideas. The essay demonstrates that the influence of positivism has inspired much of social research most prevalent research methods. Some of these include surveys, questionnaires and statistical models. Researchers applying a positivist methodology for their study consider large-scale sample surveys and controlled laboratory experiments as suitable research methods. These methods can be justified as they allow positivist researchers to employ empirical and logical quantitative data. While, interpretivism employs qualitative methods to understand people, not to measure them, it attempts to capture reality in interaction, however, does not necessarily exclude quantitative methods. Whereas, quantitative results from a positivist method like a survey are unlikely to provide understandi ng of this deeper reality and therefore should not be a major part of any realism research project, basically, because realism research data are almost always qualitative data about meanings. The essay provides several benefits of performing mixed method research. Researchers of social science use a wide variety of research methods to gain and enhance knowledge and theory. The different types of research methodologies, quantitative and qualitative, are associated with the epistemological and theoretical perspectives the researcher wishes to adopt. The essay demonstrated that quantitative and qualitative methods can fulfil different, yet, complementary purposes within mixed-method designs. Quantitative methods can give an overview about the domain under study and can describe its heterogeneity on a macro-level, whereas qualitative methods can be used to gain access to local knowledge of the field in order to develop theoretical concepts and explanations that cover phenomena relevant for the research domain. Thus, quantitative and qualitative methods cannot substitute each other, but help to illuminate different aspects of sociological phenomena: in a sociological investiga tion quantitative methods can describe the actions of large numbers of different actors, whereas qualitative methods provide information about possible reasons for these actions. In such cases qualitative and quantitative methods help to answer different questions such as the kinds of actions social actors typically perform. Finally, the essay demonstrated that results from qualitative interviews can help to identify unobserved heterogeneity in quantitative data as well as the previously unknown explaining variables and unspecified models (Kelle, 2006). It is also clear that results from the qualitative part of mixed-methods design can help to understand what once incomprehensible statistical findings were; the qualitative part of the research can help to discover a lack of validity of quantitative measurement operations and instruments. Moreover, in a sequential quantitative-qualitative design quantitative research can help to guide the selection of cases in qualitative small studies. In this case the quantitative part of the study can help to confirm findings from a qualitative study and to transfer these findings to other domains.

Discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Movie Ma Vie En Rose

Human societies all over the world believe in gender identities and expect an individual to behave in accordance to the rules of gender, laid by the society. When a person defies these rules, the society reacts negatively and compels the person to alter his/her behavior. The conflicts that arise between the society and the person struggling with his/her sexual identity are depicted in the movie Ma Vie En Rose (My Life in Pink), directed by Alain Berliner. The protagonist of the movie is a seven year old boy, Ludovic who believes that he is a girl and behaves like one.The family members of Ludovic and the neighbors are the secondary characters in the movie. The theme of the movie states that defying one’s sexual identity and behaving like the opposite sex is not an anomalous behavior, the society should realize this and accept the person as he/she is. The movie presents a touching portrayal of the dilemmas faced by Ludovic and his family members, owing to the manner in which Lu dovic exhibits his sexual identify. But the film lacks in one aspect, for it fails to provide any insights regarding Ludovic’s future in a society bound by its rules.Strengths The movie focuses on the innocent world of a boy who believes that he is destined to be a woman when he grows up. Ludovic dresses and acts like a girl, and this behavior of Ludovic astounds his family members and the neighbors. Ludovic is advised by his family members to give up his unusual thoughts and act like a boy but Ludovic refuses to listen to them. Being a seven year old boy, he fails to understand the consequences of his actions. The dilemma of the parents who discover that their child is different from other children is very well captured in the movie.The fear that they will be alienated from their society if they accepted Ludovic’s sexual identity disturbs Ludovic’s parents to such an extent that they ignore the feelings their own son. Ludovic’s parents are torn between t he love for their son and the expectations of the neighbors. â€Å"They love their son, but don't know how to (or whether they should) break him of his feminine obsession. The resulting stress tears at the fabric of their marriage, and their disapproval threatens to destroy Ludovic. † (Berardinelli).Instead of accepting their child as he is, Ludovic’s parents attempt to alter his thoughts regarding his sexual identity. Ludovic’s persistence in his views about his sexual identity, lead to anxiety and stress for his parents. The conservative thinking of adults is incapable of understanding Ludovic’s state of mind. The pain and anguish faced by Ludovic’s parents is very well depicted in the movie along with the confusion that prevails in Ludovic’s mind regarding the harsh reactions of the society and family towards the expression of his sexual identity.Weakness The movie brings forth the responses of a family and society when they realize that Ludovic is crossing the lines of sexual identity, which are drawn by the society. But it fails to comment on the future of an individual whose sexual identity differs from the notion of sexual identity held by the society. Ludovic’s dilemmas are resolved for the time being when his parents accept his feminine sexual identity. As Ludovic and his parents have moved in a new locality, Ludovic is also saved from the contempt of his old neighbors.The new neighbors understand Ludovic’s feelings and provide him with the freedom to act according to his desires. But what will happen when he grows up and enters the adult world? Will he be accepted by the society at that time? Or will he face criticism for being different from the other members of the society? Can a child like Ludovic overcome the obstacles placed by society in his life and emerge as a winner? The movie fails to answer these questions. The problems that Ludovic will face as an adult are not included in the movie, which leaves the future of Ludovic ambiguous. ConclusionThe movie Ma Vie en Rose (My Life in Pink) comments on the expectations of the society regarding the expression of sexual identity by an individual. It brings forth the reaction of the society when a person flouts those expectations and follows his/her own sexual identity. Ludovic’s struggle against his parents and society, points towards the rigidity of the people who aim to deprive a human being from the freedom of expression of sexual identity of his/her preference. The circumstances in which Ludovic is placed by his parents and society present the influence of conservative thinking on the society.

Lead Auditors Report on Iso 14001 and Ohsas 18001

Auditees : ____HO s and staff Department : IFC,FEM,HR,KESSB,SSHE,PBB,AH,PH/BS,CARGO ____Date of Audit : _____26TH Nov 2012 – 18th Dec 2012___ Procedure Involved : a) OSH Act 1994 & relevant Regulations b) F&M Act 1967 & relevant Regulations (including BOWEC Reg. 1986) c) OHSAS 18001 Standard d) ISAGO Standards Manual Effective May 2010 2nd Edition e) EMS ISO 14001 StandardAudit Team : 1. En. Meor Badrul Niza bin Ahmad Rafie – Dept :ILS 2. En Amir Syakib Yahya – Dept QAD 3, En. Abdul Razak Sauzi – Dept :QAD 4. En. Zainudin Zaini 5.Cik Nadiah Yahaya| SUMMARY OF AUDITBased on the observation made during this audit, it was noted that KLAS has made a good start-up at launching the OHSAS 18001 and EMS ISO 14001 campaign working towards certification of OHSAS 18001 in 2013 and EMS ISO 14001 in 2014 for example: 1) Workers on site are consistently wearing basic PPE such as Yellow/orange vest and Safety shoes. 2) Almost all workers on site have been SHE inducted. 3 ) Centralised Scheduled Waste store is provided at GSE workshop 4) Consistently and periodically carrying out SHE training such as ERT; Fire fighting and Chemical spill control.However, below are the key improvements that the KLAS team needs to address: 1) To ensure all and every machineries on site are registered before they are used and monthly inspected with upkeep and maintenance done to ensure they are fit to use . 2) Ensure the quality of the inspection carried out is in detail and not just for the sake of inspection. 3) Ensure Security personnel are trained on the Site SHE requirements and they assist by screening employees and give safety briefing to visitors entering the site . ) To ensure all chemical containers are labeled and each chemical shall have its own MSDS and each site shall have its own Chemical Register. The Chemical Register and MSDSs can be placed at the SHE Notice board for easy reference 5) To ensure the scheduled waste management and communication flow is refined and retuned between process owners and scheduled waste store keepers. 6) Accidents and incidents without forgetting near misses are given due attention and investigated thoroughly to prevent future accidents and incidents. ) Compliance to the legal and other requirement are addressed diligently and carefully to avoid unnecessary penalty or hefty summonses. AREA OF CONCERN 1. Ground handling equipments and machineries are in bad shape and require immediate upkeep and maintenance to prevent from accidents and incidents. 2. Manual work involving cargo manual lifting ,distribution and loading or unloading is rampant thus back support PPE is a must unless an engineering control tool is introduced to reduce manual labour. 3.BOMB threat emergency procedure has not been addressed and need to be included in the existing ERP procedure. NON CONFORMANCERefer to CAR listing. | RECOMMENDATIONAs an Auditor, I strongly believe that KLAS Team can excel better than what and where WE currently are and this can be further enhanced by a better and systematic SHE management. | Signature : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (Lead Auditor) (Quality Manager)|

Racial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union

Racial profiling† can hold a variety of meanings. As defined by the American Civil Liberties Union, however, racial profiling is the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (â€Å"Racial Profiling†). Every day, blacks are stopped much more frequently for aimless searches and minor infractions than their white counterparts. Several African Americans share experiences like these, such as Roscoe Van Pelt, who was violently snatched off the street and crammed into a squad car after the ludicrous crime of jaywalking (Walsh). A more extreme example would be the case of Sandra Bland, who was brutally beaten following failure to signal a lane change (Schuppe). Incidents like these occur far too frequently in black communities, all for the color of their skin. The practices of police can best be explained in the elaboration of case probability versus class probability. Case probability is when police take specific evidence with concrete proof in regards to the victim of a crime to accuse one of a crime. Class probability, however, is when police generalize normal committers of the specific crime to accuse one for it. For example, if police aimed to prosecute a seller of marijuana and Hispanics were typically known to commit such a crime, class probability would be integrated into case investigation if police searched every Hispanic on site for theShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union1081 Words   |  5 Pagestruth. The pain and misery caused by racial profiling greatly outweighs the positive aspects. Racial profiling is vastly different from criminal profiling. Racial profiling, as stated by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), â€Å"refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (â€Å"The Reality of Racial Profiling†). Racial profiling is the immediate grouping of a certainRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Racial Profiling† The concept of racial profiling has its wide range of definitions. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, racial profiling means â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† In other words, racial profiling has its assumptions that particular individuals are more likely to be involved in transgression or unlawful activities based on individual’sRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesThe concept of racial profiling has its wide range of definitions. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, racial profiling means â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† In other words, racial profiling has its assumptions that par ticular individuals are more likely to be involved in transgression or unlawful activities based on individual’s race orRead MoreLiterature Review On Racial Profiiling1391 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay reviews the literature on racial profiling in Courtelaney Pass. Racial profiling is a policing method that has increasingly become scrutinized over the years in Courtelaney Pass. An overwhelming number of individuals in the city are subject to racial profiling. Contrary to 55% white, 38% black, and 7% Hispanic, the blacks and out of town travelers passing through receive 87% of the speeding tickets. In addition, racial profiling can occur to women and men, all age groups are used againstRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Andrew Bagley PLS 213 American Federal Government-Online 25th November 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understandRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead MorePolice Brutality and Profiling1196 Words   |  5 Pageswere signing up for so they should not be pitied. Police officers face dangers everyday but profiling and racially motivated brutality is not justifiable and officers should be severely punished for committing these crimes. To begin with police officers faces more dangers than the average American citizen, â€Å"generally police are about three times as likely to be killed on the job as the average American† (Blako). â€Å"Some of the most important hazards police face are assaults, vehicle crashes, beingRead MoreProfiling Immigration in the U.S Essay examples1429 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration profiling has become a recent issue in the United States. This is primarily due to the fact that â€Å"the immigrant population in the United States grew considerably over the past 50 years† (Garcia 1). States are enacting laws that grant law enforcement the right to profile any one person that they believe is an illegal immigrant. On April 23, 2010, Arizona’s â€Å"Governor Brewer issued Executive Order 2010-09 requiring the Arizona Peace Officers Standards and Training Board to establish trainingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead Morestop and frisk1498 Words   |  6 Pagespolice officers are suppose to be protected and help us out when needed. The reality of it is police officers are out here on the beat violating are constitutional rights. Stop and frisk was to help fight crime on the streets but all it caused was racial profiling by officers everyday for the last twelve years. Stop and frisk has been used and abused and young adults are afraid to leave their house because they know they will be harassed for no good reason. Stop and frisk has caused a war between the officers